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Levinson'@~ЁŒатМ@~џ\ƒуМ@мЅhOР e)kч~)h|j|jj|j|j|j|j|}}}}}} }.}#~1<}<}<}<}<}<}<}<}ћ}§}§}§}§}§}§}&T~XЌ~;#~j|<}67<}<}<}<}#~<}j|j|<}<}<}<}<}<}j|<}j|<}ћ}~|2А|Tj|j|j|j|<}ћ}<}П<}1997 Terrapin Invitational Tournament Questions by Andrew Yaphe 1. While in hell, he meets Grandfather Satan, and he assumes the identity of Pope John XX in order to get into heaven. After his wife, Dame Lisa, is kidnapped, he follows her into the cave, beginning a journey on which he meets Nessus, Guenevere, Helen, and Koshchei (CO-shei), the creator of the universe. FTP, identify this title character of a 1919 “comedy of justice”, a pawnbroker whose story, part of the biography of Manuel, was banned as obscene when first published by James Branch Cabell. Answer: _Jurgen_ 2. In 1758 he was captured by Indians, tortured, and would have been burnt alive if a French officer had not rescued him. He was at the battle of Lake George and helped to relieve Detroit from Pontiac’s siege of 1764, but he made a name for himself in the Revolutionary War, when he was given command of Connecticut’s forces in 1775. FTP, name this man, who fought at Bunker Hill, who was put in charge of the defence of the Highlands of the Hudson after he lost to Howe at Brooklyn Heights in 1776, and whose cousin Rufus was also a Revolutionary War general. Answer: Israel _Putnam_ 3. This composer’s best-known work was written in 1899 as part of a Press Pensions Celebration. His output includes seven symphonies, a violin concerto, the string quartet _Voces Intimae_ (wo-kays in-ti-my), and he wrote the popular _Valse Triste_ for Jarnefelt’s play _Death_. FTP, who is this composer of _En Saga_, _The Swan of Tuonela_, the _Karelia Suite_, and _Finlandia_? Answer: Jean _Sibelius_ 4. The sequence of chains in this kind of molecule is known as the primary structure. The coiling or pleating of those chains is the secondary structure, the three-dimensional shape of the coiled or pleated chains is the tertiary structure, and the structural relationhsip of the component chains is given by the quaternary structure. FTP, identify this group of organic compounds, which can be fibrous or globular, and which consist of polypeptide chains of amino acids. Answer: proteins 5. The night before he fought a duel which he had provoked by his attacks on Ludwig Borne, he married Eugenie Mirat, a Parisian prostitute with whom he had been living for seven years. From 1848 to his death he was confined to his bed, suffering from spinal paralysis, but was still able to publish _Deutschland_, a satire, _Romancero_, a collection of poems, and _Atta Troll_. FTP, name this German poet of Jewish descent, best known for the lyric verse including “Die Lorelei” collected in _A Book of Songs_. Answer: Heinrich _Heine_ 6. This man was accepted into the studio of Jean-Lean Gerome, and studied in Spain and in Paris before returning to America in 1870. His portraits like _The Pathetic Song_ and _Amelia van Buren_ often show his subjects in moody, melancholic introspection. Mastery of the nude figure was so important to this artist that he enrolled in an anatomy course at Jefferson Medical College, where his most famous painting is set. FTP, who is this teacher of Henry Tanner and Thomas Anshutz, whose portrait of Dr. Samuel Gross was refused exhibition at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial? Answer: Thomas _Eakins_ 7. After declaring its independence in 1976, fighting began between the Polisario Front and neighboring nations. Admitted to the Organization for African Unity in 1982, guerrilla warfare stopped under a U.N. ceasefire in September, 1991. FTP, identify this nation, whose capital is Ad Daklha and which calls itself the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic. Answer : _Western Sahara_ 8. In the _Proslogion_, he argued that God must exist, because he is "that than which no greater can be thought." In _Cur Deus Homo?_, he argued that since there must be an infinite penalty for sin, Jesus must pay it. Leaving Italy in at age 22, he went to study with Lanfranc at the abbey of Bec in Normandy, and became abbot in 1078. FTP, identify this saint, and author of the _Monologion_ who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. Answer : Anselm 9. His wife Antoinetta went insane after the birth of their third child, but he would not commit her to an asylum until 1918, when she began to pose a threat to the family. His first book, a collection of poems entitled _Mal giocondo_, was published in 1889, though he is better known for dramas like _Henry IV_ and _So It Is (If You Think So)_. FTP, name this Italian author, whose most famous play features the father, the mother, the stepdaughter, the son, the young boy, and the child, all of whom are in search of the author. Answer: Luigi _Pirandello_ 10. For a pure capacitance C, this quantity is given by one half pi times the frequency of the alternating current times C, while it is given by two pi times the frequency times L for any pure inductance L. More generally, it can be found by taking the square root of the quantity, the impedance squared minus the resistance squared. FTP, identify this property of a circuit, which joins with resistance to form impedance and which is also measured in ohms and which is symbolized by the letter X. Answer: reactance 11. Its last line is “Lord Lord Lord caw caw caw Lord Lord Lord caw caw caw Lord.” Its first line, “Strange now to think of you, gone without corsets and eyes, while I walk on the sunny pavement of Greenwich Village,” refers to the author’s mother Naomi, who died in 1956. FTP, identify this poem in five sections, described as a “Poem, narrative, hymmnn, lament, litany and fugue,” and named after the Jewish prayer for the dead, a work of Allen Ginsberg. Answer: Kaddish 12. After his greatest victory, he was disgraced in the Conway Cabal, here General Thomas Conway wanted to replace George Washington with him as the head of the Continental Army. Further disappointment occurred when he was transferred to the south, fighting an unsuccessful Carolina Campaign in 1780. Who, however, for ten points, as commander of an army in the north, defeated the British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga in 1777? Answer: Horatio _Gates 13. Born in Fort Worth, Indiana, she was discovered by Allan Dwan, who cast her as a tomboy in 1921's _A Perfect Crime_. Signed by Paramount in 1930, her first great role was in 1934's _Twentieth Century_, and she went on to star in numerous screwball comedies, notably _My Man Godfrey_, _Nothing Sacred_, and _To Be or Not to Be_. FTP, name this actress, born Jane Alice Peters, who starred in 1940's _They Knew What They Wanted_ two years before her death in an airplane crash, leaving Clark Gable a widower. Answer: Carole _Lombard_ 14. On his way home from the Trojan War, he was driven to Campania, and he settled in Crimissa, founding a temple to Apollo. After he lit the funeral pyre on Mount Oeta for Hercules, he was given the bow and arrows dipped in the Hydra’s blood, which would prove to be his ticket back to the war. FTP, name this Greek hero, who hurt himself at Tenebos and was abandoned at Lemnos for 10 years because of his moaning, but who was picked up after Helenus predicted that he would be needed to take Troy, the slayer of Paris. Answer: _Philoctetes_ 15. It uses two mirrors: the index mirror, which can be rotated around an axis perpendicular to its plane, and the horizon glass, in which only the lower half is silvered. An arm connected to the index glass goes around a calibrated arc, off of which angles are read. FTP, identify this instrument, which got its name from the fact that it originally used an arc of 60 degrees, and which was used by navigators to measure the altitudes of celestial bodies. Answer: sextant 16. At one time, it was thought that he dictated his most famous book to Rusticano of Pisa. As a commander at the battle of Curzola in 1298, he was taken prisoner by the Genoese, and it was while in prison that he wrote his book. FTP, name this Venetian author, who helped to capture the city of Saianfu as the governor of Yang Chow, a position he served in after working as an envoy for Kublai Khan. Answer: Marco _Polo_ 17. In 1805 he was appointed professor of political economy at the East India College in Haileybury, and went on to write _An Inquiry Into the Nature and Progress of Rent_ and _Principles of Political Economy_. Seven years earlier, he had been serving as curate at Albany, in Surrey, when he anonymously published an essay which attacked Rousseau’s and Godwin’s optimistic hopes. FTP, name this English economist, whose _Essay on the Principle of Population_ claimed that there was a natural tendency for population to increase faster than its sustenance could. Answer: Thomas _Malthus_ 18. His inventions include a tide predictor, a harmonic analyzer, and a siphon recorder. The chief consultant on the laying of the first underwater Atlantic cable, he became rich after he patented a mirror galvanometer to speed the rate of telegraphic transmission. FTP, identify this British scientist, who is buried beside Isaac Newton in Westminster Abbey, and who established the second law of thermodynamics, as well as proposing, in 1848, the absolute scale of temperature named for him. Answer: William _Thomson_ or the first Baron _Kelvin_ 19. He was the husband of Sabina Poppeia, who later became Nero’s second wife and who was murdered by him. He was serving as governor of Lusitalia in 68 A.D. when he joined a revolt against Nero. FTP, name this man, who turned on his co-revolutionary Galba when he was not appointed emperor, and who killed himself after Aulus Vitellius defeated his troops, only three months after becoming emperor in 69. Answer: Marcus Salvius _Otho_ 20. In its “Finale,” we learn that Fred eventually became the owner of Stone Court, and that Celia made Sir James forgive her sister for marrying Will. In its “Prelude,” the author considers the life of Saint Theresa of Avila, who serves as a parallel to the first character we meet in the book. FTP, identify this novel, whose characters include Caleb Garth, Rosamond Vincy, Mr. Casaubon, Will Ladislaw, and Dorothea Brooke, the masterpiece of George Eliot. Answer: Middlemarch ----------------------------------------------------- 21. After he lost an opera competition with the work which later became the cantata _Das klagende Lied_, he turned to conducting, taking positions in Prague, Budapest, and Hamburg. He became director of the Vienna State Opera House in 1897, but resigned ten years later, upset over anti-Semitic attacks, to become conductor of the New York Philharmonic. FTP, name this Austrian composer, whose symphonic works include _The Song of the Earth_, the _Resurrection Symphony_, and the _Symphony of a Thousand_. Answer: Gustav _Mahler_ He served as minister to Mexico after the war, and went on to become a representative from California and registrar of the treasury. An aide to McClellan in 1861, he became commander of the army of the Mississippi after the siege of Corinth, defeating Pr ice at Iuka and Bragg at Stone River. FTP, name this general, who was defeated by Bragg at Chickamauga, although he held Chattanooga. Answer: William _Rosecrans_ Most of them are anaerobic, Gram negative, and live off of dead organic material. Common in waters which have been contaminated by sewage, Treponema, which is responsible for syphilis, is an example of them. FTP, identify this kind of nonrigid, corkscre w shaped bacterium, which moves by muscular flexings of the cell. Answer: spirochete His earliest paintings show the influence of Cranach and Durer, though he soon developed his own distinctive style. A city architect in Regensburg, he was moved by a 1511 visit to the Alps to paint landscape, becoming the head of the Danube school. FTP, name this Bavarian painter, one of the Kleinmasters who is best known for _St. George in the Forest_ and _Alexander’s Victory_. Answer : Albrecht _Altdorfer_ 1997 Terrapin Invitiational Tournament Bonuses by UVA A 1. Answer the following questions about a religious sect FTP each. 1. The founder of this sect became bishop of Ypres two years before his death in 1638. His most famous work rejected the conventional Catholic dogma of free will. Answer: Cornelius _Jansen_ 2. Jansen’s controversial treatise tried to prove that this saint’s teachings against the Pelagian heresy were opposed to the teachings of the Jesuits. Answer: Saint _Augustine_ 3. In 1642, this Pope condemned Jansen’s book _Augustinus_ with his bull _In Eminenti_. Answer: _Urban VIII_ 2. Identify the following works by Toni Morrison FTP each. 1. In this novel, Pecola Breedlove becomes pregnant after having sex with her father and goes insane after developing a fixation on a friend's doll. Answer: The _Bluest Eye_ 2. This 1977 novel focuses on Milkman Dead's attempts to understand his family history. Answer: _Song of Solomon_ 3. Set in Ohio, like _The Bluest Eye_, it focuses on the friendship between the title character and Nel Wright Greene in the 1920's and 1930's. Answer: Sula 3. Identify the following Byzantine emperors FTP each. 1. After a 20 year period of political turmoil, he restored order in 717 and ruled until his death in 741. Answer: _Leo III_ or _Leo the Isaurian_ 2. He ruled from 867 until 886, establishing a new legal code and instituting the Byzantine golden age. Answer: _Basil I_ or _Basil the Macedonian_ 3. In 1261, he took Constantinople, ending the Lating Empire and reestablishing the Byzantine Empire. He ruled until his death in 1282. Answer: _Michael VIII_ or _Michael Palaeologus_ 4. Identify the physicists, for the stated number of points. 5. In 1826, this German developed a law for measuring electric current, which derived from his studies of electric conduction in solids. Answer: Georg _Ohm_ 10. This British scientist simplified the formulations of quantum physics, developing a system that merged quantum mechanics and relativity, and predicting the existence of positrons and antiprotons. Answer: Paul _Dirac_ 15. This Scottish chemist and physicist invented the vacuum flask while attempting to liquefy hydrogen in the 1890’s, and the type of flask is commonly known by his name. Answer: Sir James _Dewar_ 5. Identify the seventeenth century painters from works FTP each. 1. _Water Mill with the Great Red Roof_, 1670, and _Ruins of Brederode Church_, 1671. Answer: Meindert _Hobbema_ 2. Portraits of William III, Lady Arundel, and Charles I Answer: Sir Anthony _Van Dyck_ 3. _Skittle Players Outside an Inn_, 1660, and _The World Upside Down_, 1663. Answer: Jan _Steen_ 6. Identify the following works by John Steinbeck for the stated number of points. 1. 5 points: This 1945 novel returned to the Monterey depicted in _Tortilla Flat_ ten years earlier. Answer: _Cannery Row_ 2. 10 points: This 1936 work deals with striking migratory workers in the fruit orchards of California, and can be seen as a prelude to _The Grapes of Wrath_. Answer: _In Dubious Battle_ 3. 15 points: Steinbeck's second novel, it is about a pagan farmer in California who sacrifices himself on an altar to end a drought. Answer: _To a God Unknown_ 7. Identify the following influential figures from twentieth century epistemology FTP each. 1. This professor of mathematics at the University of Jena is best known for an 1892 paper, "On Sense and Reference," which distinguished between the sense of a sentence and its nominatum, which the author defined as its truth-value. Answer: Gottlob _Frege_ 2. His theory of descriptions, as outlined in the article "On Denoting" and the book _Logic and Knowledge_, substitutes variables for denoting phrases in propositions. Answer: Bertrand _Russell_ 3. This Harvard professor's important writings include "On What There Is," an attack on universals; "Two Dogmas of Empiricism," which attacks the division between analytic and synthetic truths; and "Epistemology Naturalized," which seeks to end epistemology as a philosophical discipline. Answer: Williard Van Orman _Quine_ 8. Answer the following questions about the ear, FTP each. 1. Technically known as the incus, it is one of the three ear ossicles, along with the malleus and the stapes. Answer: the _anvil_ 2. Also known as the auricle, it is the visible portion of the outer ear, designed to shunt sound waves into the external auditory meatus. Answer: the _pinna_ 3. This organ in the ear is attached to the utriculus and contains endolymph. Swellings called ampullas contain sensory cells that respond to movement of the endolymph. Answer: the _semicircular canals_ 9. Identify the following early operas FTP each. 1. Although the score of this 1597 work by Corsi, Peri, and Rinuccini has not survived, it is considered to be the first opera. It shares its name with the first German opera, which was written by Heinrich Schutz. Answer: Dafne 2. The earliest opera whose libretto and score both survive is this work by Jacopo Peri, which premiered at Florence's Pitti Palace in 1600. Answer: Euridice 3. This Henry Purcell work, which was first performed by students at a London school for girls in 1689, is the first English opera. Answer: _Dido and Aeneas_ 10. Identify the following figures from a controversy over conservation FTP each. 1. While serving as Taft's secretary of the interior, he reopened land in Wyoming and Montana for public sale. Accused of siding with corporations against the environment, he resigned in 1911 to save the Taft administration from further embarrasment. Answer: Richard _Ballinger_ 2. This director of the U.S. Forest Service accused Ballinger of selling out to corporations. After Senator Dolliver read a letter by this man criticizing Ballinger to the Senate, Taft ordered him to be removed from office. Answer: Gifford _Pinchot_ 3. Pinchot's case was widely publicized by this man, a special agent of the Interior Department's Field Division who wrote an article in Collier's saying that Ballinger had helped the Guggenheims to gain Alaskan coal lands. Answer: Louis _Glavis_ 11. Answer the following questions about a group of elements FTP each. 1. Also known as the rare-earth elements, these range in proton number from 58 to 71. Answer: _lanthanoids_ or _lanthanides_ or _lanthanons_ 2. This effect, resulting from the ineffectiveness of 4f orbitals in shielding the outer electrons from the nucleus, explains why zirconium and hafnium are so similar. Answer: the _lanthanoid contraction_ 3. This is the outermost electron configuration of all lanthanoid elements. Answer: _6s2_ (read _six ess two_) 12. Answer the following questions about a cycle of novels FTP each. 1. Published from 1951 to 1975, this is the collective name for a series of 12 novels which include _A Question of Upbringing_, _Casanova's Chinese Restaurant_, and _Hearing Secret Harmonies_. Answer: A _Dance to the Music of Time_ 2. Name the author of _A Dance to the Music of Time_. Answer: Anthony _Powell_ 3. Identify the protagonist of the novels, whose life is traced over a fifty year period beginning in the 1920's. Answer: Nicholas _Jenkins_ 13. Given a figure from Greek myth, identify the organism into which he was transformed for the stated number of points. If you’re in doubt, the transformation given in Ovid’s _Metamorphoses_ will be considered the correct answer. 5. Actaeon Answer: a _stag_ 10. Philemon and Baucis Answer: _trees_ 15. Ceyx and Alcyone Answer: _birds_ (specifically, _kingfishers_) 14. This bonus will test your knowledge of "Playboy" -- but, unfortunately, not the magazine. Answer the following about world leaders who were playboys for ten points each. a. This future king of Great Britain had a fling with his own Mrs. Robinson, an actress, years before he would become Prince Regent. Answer: _George IV_ b. He was born Hsuan T'ung, but he took the first name Henry, and became emperor of Manchukuo in 1934. Answer: Henry _Pu-Yi_ c. This Indochinese ruler enjoyed fast cars and fast women, even after he was called by the French to rule the State of Vietnam in 1949. Answer: _Bao Dai_ 15. Identify the following plays by George Bernard Shaw for the stated number of points. 1. 5 points: Professor Henry Higgins teaches Eliza Doolittle to be a lady in this play. Answer: _Pygmalion_ 2. 10 points: At the end of this play, Boss Mangan is killed in a bomb attack, and Ellie marries Shotover, the owner of the title building. Answer: _Heartbreak House_ 3. 15 points: Dick Dudgeon is sentenced to death instead of Parson Anderson in this play, set in America. Answer: The _Devil's Disciple_ 16. Identify the following scientific techniques named after people, FTP each. 1. In his method of measuring the speed of light, a rotating cogwheel transmits flashes to a mirror, and the speed of light is calculated by observing the rates of rotation of the wheel necessary to make an eclipse of the returning light. Answer: _Fizeau_’s method or Armand _Fizeau_ 2. The left hand rule to remember the directions of field and force in an electric motor and the right hand rule to remmeber those directions for a generator are named fir this scientist, who came up with the mnemonic. Answer: Sir John Ambrose _Fleming_ or _Fleming’s rules 3. A series in which a periodic function is represented as an infinite series of sine and cosine functions is named for this French mathematician. Answer: Joseph _Fourier_ or a _Fourier_ series 17. 30-20-10, name the author from works. 30. _The Brass Butterfly_ and _Rites of Passage_ 20. _Pincher Martin_ and _The Inheritors_ 10. _Lord of the Flies_ and _Darkness Visible_ Answer: William _Golding_ 18. Answer the following questions about the early history of the Ottoman Empire FTP each. 1. Shortly after this 1389 battle, in which Murad I defeated a coalition of Slavs, Murad was assassinated by a Serb. Answer: Kosovo 2. This emperor came to the throne after Muradеs death and begain his reign by having Yakub, his brother, strangled. His rule ended in 1402, when he was captured at the battle of Angora. Answer: _Bayazid_ I 3. Under the reign of Mohammed the Conqueror, the Ottomans laid siege to this city in 1453, pillaging it and repopulating it with Greeks. Answer: Constantinople 19. Identify the psychologists, for the stated number of points. 1. 5 points: This American published _Principles of Psychology_ in 1890. Answer: William _James_ 2. 10 points: This German established the first experimental laboratory for psychology in Leipzig in 1879. Answer: Wilhelm _Wundt_ 3. 15 points: Born in 1745, this pioneering French psychologist worked at the Bicetre asylum in Paris. He was one of the first people to scientifically describe mental disorders, and attacked the belief that mental illness was caused by demonic possession. Answer: Philippe _Pinel_ 20. Identify the twentieth century artists responsible for the following works, for ten points each. 1. 5 points: _Burning Giraffe_ and _Last Supper_ Answer: Salvador _Dali_ 2. 10 points: _Reclining Person with Hypodermic Syringe_ and _Study After a Portrait of Pope Innocent X_ Answer: Francis _Bacon_ 3. 15 points: _Lipstick on Caterpillar Tracks_ and _The Street, The Store, The Home_ Answer: Claes _Oldenburg_ ------------------------------------------------------------ Identify the following people and things from the French Revolution FTP each. 1. At this battle of September 20, 1792, French forces forced the Prussians to retreat back across the Rhine. Answer: _Valmy_ 2. He was executed on April 6, 1794, for opposing the extremes to which Robespierre had gone. Answer: Georges _Danton_ 3. This document, signed in August of 1791, stated that Austria and Prussia intended to restore the monarchy by military means. Answer: the _Declaration of Pillnitz_ Given some twentieth-century operas, name their composers FTP each. 1. _Angel of Fire_ and _War and Peace_ Answer: Sergei _Prokofiev_ 2. _Capriccio_ and _Ariadne auf Naxos_ Answer: Richard _Strauss_ 3. easier Identify these different kinds of microphones FTP each. 1. In this type of microphone, sound waves contact a low mass conductor in a magnetic field, causing it to oscillate. Answer: _dynamic_ microphone 2. This type of microphone is widely used in telephones. In it, a diaphragm acts as a movable electrode which contacts granules of the element that gives the type its name. Answer: _carbon_ microphone 3. In this type, sound waves cause an armature to oscillate, which causes the reluctance of a magnetic circuit to vary. Answer: _moving-iron_ microphone Answer the following questions about a difficult time in relations between Mexico and the United States FTP each. 1. When an unarmed party from the U.S.S. Dolphin went ashore here on April 9, 1914 to get supplies, they were arrested by Huerta's troops for violating martial law. Answer: Tampico 2. Although the men were released quickly, along with apologies from a senior officer, this admiral demanded that the port commander apologize and raise the American flag ashore, giving it a 21-gun salute. Despite the fact that he had come up with these demands on his own, Wilson decided to back him up. Answer: Henry T. _Mayo_ 3. After Huerta refused to salute the flag, Congress authorized Wilson to use force to redress Americna grievances. Upon learning that a German munitions ship was approaching, the American navy bombarded this port city and occupied it. Answer: _Vera Cruz_ Answer the following questions about bridges FTP each. 1. The first suspension bridge in the U.S. was built at Uniontown, in this state, in 1801. Answer: Pennsylvania 2. He designed the first ralirway suspension bridge, the Niagara Bridge, in 1855, but is better remembered for another bridge which was finished by his son. Answer: John _Roebling_ 3. When this bridge was completed in 1877, it was considered one of the seven wonders of the modern world. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by a storm two years later. Answer: the _Firth of Tay_ bridge 20. If you've found it difficult to get through the _Faerie Queene_, this bonus is for you. Identify the following characters from the first book of Spenser's epic for the stated number of points. 1. 5 points: The first book centers on this knight, who exemplifies holiness. Answer: the _Red Cross_ knight 2. 15 points: The Red Cross knight is deceived by this wizard, who deceives him into believing that his lady has been unfaithful. Answer: Archimago 3. 10 points: This is the lady who accompanies the Red Cross knight, who is befriended by a lion that protects her, and who marries the Red Cross knight at the end of the book. 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Levinson)Macintosh HD:Desktop Folder:VirginiaA.TITџ@€ю.ю. ю.ю.Gb1MTimes New Roman Symbol MArial"q‰аhл&ZтFYтFV ,ƒЗ $;TIT 1997David HamiltonDavid M. LevinsonаЯрЁБс;џў џџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ